[What do we know and what should we know about the imbalances of doctors in Spain? Diagnosis and proposals. SESPAS Report 2024]. / ¿Qué sabemos y qué deberíamos saber sobre los desequilibrios de médicos en España? Diagnóstico y propuestas. Informe SESPAS 2024.

This article characterizes the main features of the supply, demand, and labor markets for physicians in Spain, with an international and territorial perspective. It also presents some of the results of the simulation model for specialist physicians with a 2035 horizon and proposes strategic and short-term lines of action in the planning, regulation, and management of health professionals in Spain, with a focus on specialist physicians. In Spain there are high rates of physicians and medical graduates, but low rates of nurses, compared to other developed countries. Approximately 30% of practicing physicians (not considering residents) practice only in the private network. In the last two decades, competition from the private sector for health professionals has intensified, competing with the public network, which is subject to an excessively rigid regulatory framework. There is currently a shortage of physicians in some specialties, particularly in family medicine, which urgently needs specific incentives to stimulate vocations. Numbers consider only part of the story. The imbalances in the educational and labor markets are not resolved by creating vacancies, but by reforming the regulatory framework, the incentive systems, and the slack in public management to compete with the private sector in attracting and retaining talent.

[Experiences in human resources planning for health: The case of physicians. Data and models. SESPAS Report 2024]. / Experiencias de planificación de recursos humanos para la salud. El caso de los médicos. Datos y modelos. Informe SESPAS 2024.

Virtually all developed countries conduct physician planning exercises. We can learn from successful experiences. The modeling and projection of supply is technically complex, but it is a technical matter, whereas the assessment of demand or need, and therefore the outcome in terms of deficit or surplus, requires standards, usually in population ratios, which are based on expert judgments and belong to the normative universe. One type of technical problem insufficiently solved is that of converting "heads" into full time equivalents. Fortunately, progress is being made in the right direction. We need more and better information, in particular the State Register of Health Professionals, but even with the limitations of the data, it is necessary to plan. The Ministry of Health, the Autonomous Regions and other professional and union organizations regularly carry out planning exercises. We have high rates of physicians and graduates, and low rates of nurses, a growing number of physicians in both public and private practice, and short-term deficits in some specialties, particularly family medicine, which urgently needs specific incentives to stimulate vocations. The numbers tell only part of the story. The imbalances in the educational and labor markets are not resolved by creating vacancies, but rather by reforming the regulatory framework, incentive systems and public management slack to compete with the private sector in attracting and retaining talent.

Impact of sandstorm and carnival celebrations on SARS-CoV-2 spreading in Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain).

OBJECTIVE: We address the hypothesis that the extraordinary sandstorm occurred on 22-24 February 2020 might have a role in the different cumulated incidence of COVID-19 cases between the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria, since it obliged to reduce significantly air traffic and forced to suspend all major carnival street events in all most locations. METHOD: We performed a retrospective analysis of COVID-19 cases as to 1 April 2020 according to symptoms onset, weather-related data and Carnival events in Tenerife and Gran Canaria. RESULTS: The sandstorm occurred on February 22-24, 2020, forced air traffic to close, reducing the influx of tourists to the Canary Islands and suspending carnival events in most places, except in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Cumulated incidence as to 1 April was 132.81/100,000 in Tenerife, and 56.04/100,000 in Gran Canaria. CONCLUSIONS: The suspension of Carnival events due to the sandstorm in the Canary Islands contributed to reduce differently the SARS-CoV-2 spread in Tenerife and Gran Canaria.

El impacto de la Gran Recesión en la salud mental en España. Informe SESPAS 2020 / Impact of Great Recession on mental health in Spain. SESPAS Report 2020

El objetivo de este artículo es identificar los efectos de la Gran Recesión sobre la salud mental de las personas residentes en España. Tras exponer un marco conceptual sobre los mecanismos por los que las crisis económicas afectan a la salud mental, se describen los principales resultados de 45 trabajos identificados en nuestra búsqueda. Los estudios apuntan a un empeoramiento de la salud mental en España en los años de crisis económica, en especial en los varones. Las condiciones laborales (desempleo, bajos salarios, inestabilidad, precariedad) emergen como uno de los cauces principales a través de los que se pone en riesgo o deteriora la salud mental. Dicho deterioro se produce con intensidad en colectivos particularmente vulnerables, como población inmigrante y familias con cargas económicas. En el caso de los suicidios, no se observan resultados concluyentes. En materia de utilización de servicios sanitarios parece identificarse un aumento en el consumo de ciertos fármacos, si bien las conclusiones de todos los trabajos no son coincidentes. En el caso de las desigualdades sociales en salud mental, estas no parecen haber remitido. Se concluye que es necesario mejorar nuestros sistemas de información para comprender mejor los efectos sobre la salud de las crisis económicas. En materia de políticas públicas, junto con el refuerzo de los servicios sanitarios dirigidos a atender problemas de salud mental, se debería impulsar una red de garantía de rentas para las personas en situación de vulnerabilidad y el desarrollo de políticas dirigidas al medio laboral

The objective of this article is to identify the effects of the Great Recession on the mental health of people residing in Spain. After presenting a conceptual framework on the mechanisms through which economic crises affect mental health, we describe the main results of 45 papers identified in our search. Studies indicate a worsening of mental health in Spain in the years of economic crisis, especially in men. Working conditions (unemployment, low wages, instability, precariousness) emerge as one of the main channels through which mental health is put at risk or deteriorates. This deterioration occurs with intensity in particularly vulnerable groups, such as immigrant population and families with economic burdens. In the case of suicides, the results were inconclusive. Regarding the use of health care services, an increase in the consumption of certain drugs seems to be identified, although the conclusions of all the studies are not coincidental. Social inequalities in mental health do not seem to have remitted. We conclude that Spain needs to improve information systems to a better understanding of the health effects of economic crises. In terms of public policies, together with the reinforcement of health services aimed at addressing mental health problems, an income guarantee network for people in vulnerable situations should be promoted, as well as the development of policies aimed at the labour market

Impact of sandstorm and carnival celebrations on SARS-CoV-2 spreading in Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) / Impacto de una tormenta de arena y de los carnavales en la diseminación del SARS-CoV-2 en Tenerife y Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias, España)

OBJECTIVE: We address the hypothesis that the extraordinary sandstorm occurred on 22-24 February 2020 might have a role in the different cumulated incidence of COVID-19 cases between the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria, since it obliged to reduce significantly air traffic and forced to suspend all major carnival street events in all most locations. METHOD: We performed a retrospective analysis of COVID-19 cases as to 1 April 2020 according to symptoms onset, weather-related data and Carnival events in Tenerife and Gran Canaria. RESULTS: The sandstorm occurred on February 22-24, 2020, forced air traffic to close, reducing the influx of tourists to the Canary Islands and suspending carnival events in most places, except in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Cumulated incidence as to 1 April was 132.81/100,000 in Tenerife, and 56.04/100,000 in Gran Canaria. CONCLUSIONS: The suspension of Carnival events due to the sandstorm in the Canary Islands contributed to reduce differently the SARS-CoV-2 spread in Tenerife and Gran Canaria

OBJETIVO: Investigar la hipótesis de que la extraordinaria tormenta de arena ocurrida el 22-24 de febrero de 2020 pudo tener un papel en la diferente incidencia acumulada de casos de COVID-19 entre las islas de Tenerife y Gran Canaria, en cuanto conllevó una reducción significativa del tráfico aéreo y la cancelación de las mayores celebraciones del carnaval en muchas poblaciones. MÉTODO: Se realiza un análisis retrospectivo de los casos de COVID-19 hasta el 1 abril de 2020 según fecha de inicio de los síntomas, de los datos climáticos y de las celebraciones de carnaval en Tenerife y Gran Canaria. RESULTADOS: La tormenta de arena ocurrida el 22-24 de febrero de 2020 obligó a cerrar el tráfico aéreo, reduciendo la llegada de turistas a Canarias, y a suspender las celebraciones de los carnavales en muchas poblaciones, excepto en Santa Cruz de Tenerife. El 1 abril de 2020, la incidencia acumulada de casos era de 132,81/100.000 en Tenerife y de 56,04/100.000 en Gran Canaria. CONCLUSIONES: La cancelación de las celebraciones de carnaval debido a la tempestad de arena en las Islas Canarias parece que contribuyó de manera diferente a la reducción de la incidencia del SARS-CoV-2 en Tenerife y Gran Canaria

Effect of Tourism Pressure on the Mediterranean Diet Pattern.

Despite proposed conceptual frameworks of eating behaviors, little is known about environmental factors contributing to changes in food habits. Few studies have reported the external influence of tourism on the inhabitants' eating patterns. The present study aimed to investigate whether tourism pressure affects Canary Islands inhabitants' adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern. Data were obtained from a health and lifestyle population-based survey conducted in 2009 and 2015. From the reported intake frequency, a Mediterranean diet score was defined (0 to 11 points). Tourist overnight stays, which were stratified by nationality and area of destination, were used as a proxy variable to measure tourism pressure. A multilevel linear regression analysis by restricted maximum likelihood estimation was performed to examine the relationship between tourism pressure and the Mediterranean diet score. A significant negative association between the Mediterranean diet score and British tourism pressure was observed (ß = -0.0064, p = 0.010), whereas German tourism pressure increased inhabitants' adherence (ß = 0.0092, p = 0.042). The socioeconomic level of tourists seems to play a role in differences in the tourism pressure effect by nationality. Further investigation of other highly touristic destinations is needed to confirm these findings that could contribute to a shift in tourism and public health nutrition policies.

Planificación y formación de profesionales sanitarios, con foco en la atención primaria. Informe SESPAS 2012 / Health workforce planning and training, with emphasis on primary care. SESPAS Report 2012

Se ofrece un panorama de la planificación de profesionales sanitarios en España, centrado en los médicos y en la atención primaria. Se analizan tendencias, se describen amenazas y se formulan propuestas. En España persisten desequilibrios estructurales endémicos, como la baja dotación de enfermería respecto a medicina, que quizá llegue a ser una barrera para necesarias reformas. El nuevo grado de medicina, con categoría de máster, no aportará grandes cambios a la formación. Enfermería, ascendida a grado, deja un hueco que los auxiliares de enfermería ocuparán. Este efecto dominó se frena en la medicina de familia, que no tiene potencial de expansión hacia delante. De ahí que priorizar la formación postespecialización de los médicos de familia, potenciar su capacidad investigadora y definir una carrera profesional que no equipare productividad a antigüedad, sean objetivos razonables para el sistema, porque la crisis de identidad y de prestigio es de la medicina familiar y comunitaria, no de la atención primaria. Hay riesgo de que la medicina familiar y comunitaria quede todavía peor posicionada cuando se oficialice la especialidad de urgencias. Hoy día, en torno al 40% de los médicos con contrato de urgencias son especialistas, la mayor parte de ellos en medicina familiar y comunitaria. En 2010 surge un hecho nuevo: una élite de médicos extranjeros que consigue plazas MIR muy cotizadas. Es un fenómeno a seguir de cerca y obliga a España a definir su modelo de internacionalización de profesionales sanitarios de forma clara y precisa (AU)

The present article provides an overview of workforce planning for health professionals in Spain, with emphasis on physicians and primary care. We analyze trends, describe threats and make some suggestions. In Spain some structural imbalances remain endemic, such as the low number of nurses with respect to physicians, which may become a barrier to needed reforms. The new medical degree, with the rank of master, will not involve major changes to training. Nursing, which will require a university degree, leaves a gap that will be filled by nursing assistants.This domino effect ends in family medicine, which has no upgrading potential. Hence reasonable objectives for the system are to prioritize the post-specialization training of family physicians, enhance their research capacity and define a career that does not equate productivity with seniority. What is undergoing a crisis of identity and prestige is family medicine, not primary care. There is a risk that the specialty of family medicine will lose rank after the specialty of emergency medicine is approved. Today, about 40% of emergency physicians in the public network are specialists, most of them in family medicine. In 2010 a new fact emerged: an elite of foreign doctors obtained positions as resident medical interns in highly sought-after specialties through the national competitive examination. This phenomenon should be closely monitored and requires Spain to define the pattern of internationalization of health professionals in a clear and precise model (AU)

[Health workforce planning and training, with emphasis on primary care. SESPAS Report 2012]. / Planificación y formación de profesionales sanitarios, con foco en la atención primaria. Informe SESPAS 2012.

The present article provides an overview of workforce planning for health professionals in Spain, with emphasis on physicians and primary care. We analyze trends, describe threats and make some suggestions. In Spain some structural imbalances remain endemic, such as the low number of nurses with respect to physicians, which may become a barrier to needed reforms. The new medical degree, with the rank of master, will not involve major changes to training. Nursing, which will require a university degree, leaves a gap that will be filled by nursing assistants.This domino effect ends in family medicine, which has no upgrading potential. Hence reasonable objectives for the system are to prioritize the post-specialization training of family physicians, enhance their research capacity and define a career that does not equate productivity with seniority. What is undergoing a crisis of identity and prestige is family medicine, not primary care. There is a risk that the specialty of family medicine will lose rank after the specialty of emergency medicine is approved. Today, about 40% of emergency physicians in the public network are specialists, most of them in family medicine. In 2010 a new fact emerged: an elite of foreign doctors obtained positions as resident medical interns in highly sought-after specialties through the national competitive examination. This phenomenon should be closely monitored and requires Spain to define the pattern of internationalization of health professionals in a clear and precise model.

[Factors related to using health services in Costa Rica]. / Factores Relacionados con la Utilización de Servicios de Salud en Costa Rica.

OBJECTIVE: Determining Costa Ricans' behaviour patterns when using health services. METHODS: The Costa Rican Health Survey was used. Central tendency, dispersion, percentages, frequencies, Ji-Square and Kruskal-Walis test measurements were analysed. RESULTS: Area of residence and income level were the predisposing factors in both out-patient and emergency services whereas educational level was so in terms of hospitalisation service. Health insurance status and the area of residence were the enabling factors associated with using out-patient and hospitalisation services. The need factors associated with outpatient services were the individuals' perceived state of health, having remained in bed at least until noon and suffering some chronic disease; chronic disease was associated with hospitalisation and remaining in bed when using the emergency service. DISCUSSION: Most variables postulated by Andersen and Newman's model as being determinants for using health services were present in Costa Rica. Nevertheless, the significance of its factors varied between outpatient, hospitalisation and emergency services.

Factores Relacionados con la Utilización de Servicios de Salud en Costa Rica / Factors related to using health services in Costa Rica

Objetivo Determinar el comportamiento de los costarricenses en la utilización de los servicios de salud. Métodos Los datos se obtuvieron de la primera Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Costa Rica. En el análisis de los datos se utilizaron medidas de tendencia central, dispersión, proporciones, frecuencias, prueba de Ji-cuadrado y de Kruskal-Walis. Resultados Tanto en los servicios de consulta ambulatoria y urgencias los factores que predisponen su utilización son, la región de residencia y el nivel de ingreso, mientras que en los servicios de hospitalización es el nivel educativo. El aseguramiento y la región de residencia facilitan el uso de la consulta ambulatoria y la hospitalización. La salud autopercibida, permanecer en cama al menos medio día y padecer alguna enfermedad crónica son variables de necesidad asociadas al uso de consulta ambulatoria; la enfermedad crónica se asocia al uso del servicio de hospitalización y el permanecer en cama al uso del servicio de urgencia. Discusión La mayoría de variables que postula el modelo de Andersen y Newman sobre la utilización de servicios de salud, se cumplen para Costa Rica. Sin embargo, la significancia de los factores varía entre los servicios de consulta ambulatoria, hospitalización y urgencias.

Objective Determining Costa Ricans' behaviour patterns when using health services. Methods The Costa Rican Health Survey was used. Central tendency, dispersion, percentages, frequencies, Ji-Square and Kruskal-Walis test measurements were analysed. Results Area of residence and income level were the predisposing factors in both out-patient and emergency services whereas educational level was so in terms of hospitalisation service. Health insurance status and the area of residence were the enabling factors associated with using out-patient and hospitalisation services. The need factors associated with outpatient services were the individuals' perceived state of health, having remained in bed at least until noon and suffering some chronic disease; chronic disease was associated with hospitalisation and remaining in bed when using the emergency service. Discussion Most variables postulated by Andersen and Newman's model as being determinants for using health services were present in Costa Rica. Nevertheless, the significance of its factors varied between outpatient, hospitalisation and emergency services.

Determinantes de las retribuciones médicas / No disponible

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¿Hacen falta más médicos? ¿Tan sutiles son las señales? / Are more doctors needed?, Are the signs so subtle?

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Coordinación sanitaria. Recursos humanos del sistema sanitario / Health care coordination. Human Resources in the Health System

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Evolución del consumo y gasto farmacéutico público de anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos, AINEs, en el período 2001-2005 / Evolution of public consumption and spending on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs, during the period 2001 to 2005

Este estudio observacional retrospectivo analizó el consumo y gasto farmacéutico de AINEs, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, clásicos en Costa Rica en el periodo 2001-2005. Su objetivo es contribuir al conocimiento de la estructura de gasto y perfil de utilización y consumo farmacológico de este grupo de medicamentos con el fin de abordar con mayores garantías la gestión del irremediable proceso de aparación y previsible financiación pública de los AINEs de nueva generación en el país. Los AINEs son un grupo de fármacos asociados de forma especial a los nuevos estilos de vida cuyo nivel de consumo crece de forma ininterrumpida y cuya participación en el gasto farmacéutico es cada vez más relevante. En la actualidad, constituyen el cuarto grupo en gasto farmacéutico público con un incremento del 15 por ciento en términos reales en el período 2001-2004. El consumo de AINEs para 2005 en Costa Rica es de 21,02 DHD, dosis diaria por habitante y día, y en el período 2000-2005 su consumo se ha incrementado un 48 por ciento. Respecto al consumo en 2005 de los principios activos que forman este grupo farmacológico destaca la Indometacina con un 6,36 DHD, Sulindaco con 6,06 DHD y el Ibuprofeno con 4,36 DHD y el Tenoxican con 3,25 DHD. El CTD, Coste de Tratamiento Diario, varía entre 2 céntimos de dólar para el Ibuprofeno y 1,49 dólares para el Tenoxican

[Consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in primary care in Costa Rica: changing patterns and geographical variability]. / Consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos en atención primaria en Costa Rica: evolución y variabilidad geográfica.

OBJECTIVE: To determine changing patterns and variability in consumption of classic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) among the health areas in Costa Rica between 2000 and 2005. METHODS: The drugs studied were ibuprofen, indomethacin, penicillamine, sulindac, tenoxicam, and diclofenac sodium. To measure consumption, we used the defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID). To analyze variability, the coefficient of variation weighed by the population size (CVw), extremal ratio, interquartile ratio, dot plot and map graphs were used. RESULTS: From 2000-2005, NSAID consumption increased by 48% and the annual cost rose by 184%. The drugs with greatest consumption and participation in cost were sulindac and indomethacin. NSAID consumption varied between 0.1 and 61.8 DID according to health areas, with a CVw of 66.8%. Variability was greatest with penicillamine (CVw = 449.89%) and tenoxicam (CVw = 315.26%). CONCLUSIONS: Clearly differentiated geographical patterns in NSAID consumption were found in Costa Rica, with very different rates within the same region. According to the results obtained, two factors associated with this variability were the supply of health services and the percentage of the population aged 65 years or more within the catchment area.

Consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos en atención primaria en Costa Rica: evolución y variabilidad geográfica / Consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in primary care in Costa Rica: changing patterns and geographical variability

Objetivo: Conocer la evolución y la variabilidad en el consumo de los antiinflamarios no esteroideos clásicos (AINE) en las áreas de salud de Costa Rica durante el período 2000-2005. Métodos: Se estudiaron los siguientes medicamentos: ibuprofeno, indometacina, penicilamina, sulindaco, tenoxican y diclofenaco sódico. Se utilizó como medida de consumo la dosis diaria definida por 1.000 habitantes y día (DHD), y en el análisis de variabilidad el coeficiente de variación ponderado por el tamaño de población (CVw), el rango extremo, el rango interpercentil, los gráficos de puntos y los mapas con categorías de consumo. Resultados: En el período 2000-2005 el consumo de los AINE creció un 48% y el coste anual se incrementó un 184%. Los medicamentos de mayor consumo y participación en el gasto fueron sulindaco e indometacina. El consumo de los AINE varió entre 0,1 y 60,39 DHD según las áreas de salud, con un CVw del 66,38%. Los medicamento con mayor variabilidad fueron penicilamina (CVw del 449,89%) y tenoxican (CVw del 315,26%). Conclusiones: Hay un patrón geográfico diferenciado en el consumo de AINE en el país, y tasas muy diferentes dentro de una misma región. Dos posibles factores asociados a esta variabilidad, según los resultados obtenidos, son la oferta de servicios médicos y el porcentaje de población mayor de 65 años adscrita al área de salud

Objective: To determine changing patterns and variability in consumption of classic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) among the health areas in Costa Rica between 2000 and 2005. Methods: The drugs studied were ibuprofen, indomethacin, penicillamine, sulindac, tenoxicam, and diclofenac sodium. To measure consumption, we used the defined daily dose per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID). To analyze variability, the coefficient of variation weighed by the population size (CVw), extremal ratio, interquartile ratio, dot plot and map graphs were used. Results: From 2000-2005, NSAID consumption increased by 48% and the annual cost rose by 184%. The drugs with greatest consumption and participation in cost were sulindac and indomethacin. NSAID consumption varied between 0.1 and 61.8 DID according to health areas, with a CVw of 66.8%. Variability was greatest with penicillamine (CVw = 449.89%) and tenoxicam (CVw = 315.26%). Conclusions: Clearly differentiated geographical patterns in NSAID consumption were found in Costa Rica, with very different rates within the same region. According to the results obtained, two factors associated with this variability were the supply of health services and the percentage of the population aged 65 years or more within the catchment area